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In C, this refers primarily to spaces, tabs, and newlines. The C compiler generally ignores whitespace, with a few minor exceptions (when processing text literals). For this reason, we say that C is a whitespace-independent language. Sep 13, 2017 isspace in C/C and its application to count whitespace characters isspace function In C, isspace is a predefined function used for string and character handling.cstring is the header file required for string functions and cctype is the headerfile required for character functions.
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Creating cleanly formatted output is a common programming requirement--itimproves your user interface and makes it easier to read any debuggingmessages that you might print to the screen. In C, formatted output works viathe printf statement, but in C++, you can create nicely formatted output tostreams such as cout. This tutorial covers a set of basic I/O manipulationspossible in C++ from the iomanip header file. Note that all of the functionsin the iomanip header are inside the std namespace, soyou will need to either prefix your calls with 'std::' or put 'using namespacestd;' before using the functions.Dealing with Spacing Issues using iomanip
A principle aspect of nicely formatted output is that the spacing looks right.There aren't columns of text that are too long or too short, and everything isappropriately aligned. This section deals with ways of spacing outputcorrectly.Dev C Space Between Letters Pdf
Setting the field width with setw
The std::setw function allows you to set the minimum width of the next outputvia the insertion operator. setw takes, one argument, the width of the nextoutput (insertion), an integer. if the next output is too short, then spaceswill be used for padding. There is no effect if the output is longer than thewidth--note that the output won't be truncated. The only strange thing aboutsetw is that its return value must be inserted into the stream. The setwfunction has no effect if it is called without reference to a stream.A simple example isThe output from the above would look like this:Note that since setw takes an argument, at runtime it would be possible tospecify the width of a column of output so that it is slightly wider than thelongest element of the column.Dev C Space Between Letters And Symbols
You might wonder whether it is possible to change the padding character. Itturns out that yes, you can, by using the setfill function, which takes acharacter to use for the padding. Note that setfill should also be used as astream manipulator only, so it must be inserted into the stream:The above code sets the padding character to a dash, the width of the nextoutput to be at least 80 characters, and then outputs a dash. This results inthe rest of the line being filled with dashes too. The output would look likethis:Note that the pad character is changed until the next time you call setfill tochange it again.
Aligning text with iomanip
It's possible to specify whether output is left or right aligned by using themanipulator flags that are part of ios_bas. In particular, it is possible tospecify that output should be either left or right aligned by passing inthe stream manipulators std::left and std::right.Putting Your Knowledge of iomanip Together
Now that we know how to space and align text, we can correctly print formatteddata in columns. For instance, if you had a struct containing the names ofindividuals:If you then had a vector of persons, then you could output them in a nice waywith evenly spaced columns for the first and last name as follows:Note that the space output between the two fields wasn't strictly necessarybecause we could have added it by changing the first call to setw to set thewidth to one more than the longest first name (since it would use a space asthe padding for the extra character).Printing Numbers
Another challenge in creating nice output is correctly formatting numbers; forinstance, when printing out a hexadecimal value, it would be nice if it werepreceded by the '0x' prefix. More generally, it's nice to correctly set thenumber of trailing zeros after a decimal place.Setting the precision of numerical output with setprecision
The setprecision function can be used to set the maximum number of digits thatare displayed for a number. Like setw, it should be inserted into the stream.In fact, its usage is very similar to setw in all respects. For instance, toprint the number 2.71828 to 3 decimal places:Note that setprecision will change the precision until the next time it ispassed into a given stream. So changing the above example to also print out1.412 would result in the output ofOutput in different bases
In computer science, frequently numbers need to be printed in octal orhexadecimal. The setbase function returns a value that can be passed into astream to set the base of numbers to either base 8, 10, or 16. The inputnumber is still read as a number in base ten, but it is printed in the givenbase. For instance, will print out '20', which is 32 written in base 16. Note that you can usedec, oct, and hex as shorthand for setbase(10), setbase(8), and setbase(16)respectively when inserting into a stream. If you wish to include an indication of the base along with the printednumber, you can use the setiosflags function, again passed into a stream, withan input of ios_base::showbase.Using the ios_base::showbase flag will append a '0x' in front of hexadecimalnumbers and a 0 in front of octal numbers. Decimal numbers will be printed asnormal.This should get you started with the ability to create nicely formatted outputin C++ without having to resort to returning to printf!Dev C Space Between Letters And Worksheets
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